Many women who have lumpectomies must have a re-operation in order to achieve cancer-free margins around the surgically removed tumor, but there is debate in the medical community as to what constitutes a clear margin. Breast Surgical Service Chief Monica Morrow suggested research could be better directed toward identifying factors that cause early-stage breast cancer to become invasive, which she believes is critical to tailoring treatment.
Breast CancerMedicine Service Chief Clifford Hudis commented on recent studies that suggest that daily aspirin use may reduce the risk of several cancers and stop the spread of tumors. He said that while the data with regard to breast cancer is interesting, it is not actionable.
Deputy Physician-in-Chief for Breast Cancer Programs Larry Norton authored this post about the new MSKCC-IBM collaboration to develop a decision-support tool based upon IBM’s Watson computer. He said, “The human is never left out of the conversation. And that humanity—never before captured in guidelines or lists of therapeutic options—is what makes this project unique: It goes beyond mere knowledge, as important as that is, by entering the realm of human wisdom.”
Memorial Sloan-Kettering and IBM announced they will collaborate on the development of a powerful new tool built upon IBM’s Watson computer. Memorial Sloan-Kettering will “teach” the computer to review case histories so oncologists located anywhere will have the ability to obtain detailed diagnostic and treatment options based on the latest research. Memorial Sloan-Kettering President and CEO Craig Thompson said it has the potential to revolutionize the accessibility of information.
ThoracicOncology Service Chief Mark Kris said the new MSKCC-IBM collaboration to develop a supercomputer to support oncologists is “like having a Memorial Sloan-Kettering trained colleague for any doctor on earth.” Built upon IBM’s Watson computer, the new tool will combine Watson’s advanced analytics capabilities with Memorial Sloan-Kettering’s clinical insights.
Infectious disease specialistKent Sepkowitz authored this essay about the CDC’s new campaign of graphic anti-smoking ads. He discussed the use of fear to promote a change in behavior and said, “The scarier the message, the stronger the effect.”
Physician-scientist Ross Levine discussed his study that found that a mutation in the gene known as TET2 contributes to the development of some leukemias. The discovery provides a key insight into what first goes wrong in the development of many leukemias and shows that genetic testing can guide doctors in how best to use current therapies as well as identify new drug targets.
Integrative Medicine Service Chief Barrie Cassileth talked about the dangers of exploring treatment options online, especially herbal remedies touted as cancer therapies because many consumers don’t realize that these may interfere with chemotherapy and prescription medications. She suggested visiting Memorial Sloan-Kettering’s About Herbs database, which provides evidence-based information on more than 250 herbs, botanicals, and supplements.
In this profile piece, Thoracic Oncology Service Chief Mark Kris discussed his career, current research interests, and charitable work. He said, “I’ve heard people say that, if you choose the right profession or job, you’ll never have to work a day in your life, and I feel like that.”
Pain and Palliative Care Service Chief Paul Glare commented on a study that found that one in three older cancer patients are not taking opioids to treat their pain. Dr. Glare said that if patients feel their pain is not being addressed by their doctor, they should ask to see a pain specialist for treatment.
Medical oncologistJedd Wolchok discussed a unique single-patient study that demonstrates a rare phenomenon called the abscopal effect, in which radiation to just one tumor causes other tumors all over the body to regress. The patient studied took ipilimumab (Yervoy™), a drug that stimulates the immune system to fight cancer cells, but did not respond to the medicine until she got a radiation treatment.
Medical oncologistJedd Wolchok and his patient Valerie Esposito spoke about the rare medical phenomenon she experienced when local radiation to just one tumor caused other tumors in her body to shrink. Dr. Wolchok said, “We’re very excited about this result because we treated just one tumor with radiation therapy in this patient, and as a result, distant tumors regressed.”
Infectious disease specialist Kent Sepkowitz authored this essay about doctors who believe in luck. He said that despite the endless evidence demonstrating its nonexistence, all doctors believe in luck because most of what happens to patients still falls well outside their understanding.
Psychiatry Service Chief William Breitbart discussed his study that found that talk therapy sessions focused on spirituality and finding meaning improved quality of life and well-being in terminally ill cancer patients. Dr. Breitbart said, “What’s critical for cancer patients is for them to understand that even with advanced cancer, there is always the possibility for the experience of meaning, even in the last days of life.”
New research suggests that “chemobrain,” the name given to the mental fog and related memory problems that can occur during and after chemotherapy, may last for two decades after breast cancer treatment. PsychologistTim Ahles said the new study is the first to illustrate that long-term breast cancer survivors still experience difficulty with their thought processes.
A new study led by epidemiologistAnn Zauber and gastroenterologistSidney Winawer found that removing polyps by colonoscopy not only prevents colorectal cancer from developing, but also prevents deaths from the disease. Although many people have assumed that colonoscopy must save lives because it is so often recommended, strong evidence has been lacking until now.
Gastroenterologist Sidney Winawer spoke about a study he co-authored with epidemiologist Ann Zauber that shows for the first time that colonoscopies save lives. A second study in Europe found that colonoscopies did a better job of finding polyps than tests that look for blood in stool, another common screening tool.
Chemotherapy can dramatically affect a patient’s appetite, tastes, and diet. Executive Chef Pnina Peled talked about a growing trend among hospitals to revamp their kitchens and offer more-personalized menu items for patients with a variety of nutritional needs. Food and Nutrition Services Director Veronica McLymont was also quoted.
Medical oncologist Jedd Wolchok spoke about a new initiative called the Cancer Immunotherapy Trials Network (CITN). Dr. Wolchok is one of 27 researchers chosen from the nation’s top cancer centers and universities to lead clinical trials to spur the development of cancer treatments that work by revving up the immune system’s response to tumors.
Cancer that has spread to other places in the body and usually cannot be cured or controlled with treatment.
Source: The National Cancer Institute's Dictionary of Cancer Terms (http://www.cancer.gov/dictionary)
appetite (A-peh-tite)
A desire to satisfy a physical or mental need, such as for food, sex, or adventure.
Source: The National Cancer Institute's Dictionary of Cancer Terms (http://www.cancer.gov/dictionary)
aspirin (AS-pih-rin)
A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clotting. Aspirin belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied in cancer prevention.
Source: The National Cancer Institute's Dictionary of Cancer Terms (http://www.cancer.gov/dictionary)
blood (blud)
A tissue with red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and other substances suspended in fluid called plasma. Blood takes oxygen and nutrients to the tissues, and carries away wastes.
Source: The National Cancer Institute's Dictionary of Cancer Terms (http://www.cancer.gov/dictionary)
breast (brest)
Glandular organ located on the chest. The breast is made up of connective tissue, fat, and breast tissue that contains the glands that can make milk. Also called mammary gland.
Source: The National Cancer Institute's Dictionary of Cancer Terms (http://www.cancer.gov/dictionary)
breast cancer (brest KAN-ser)
Cancer that forms in tissues of the breast, usually the ducts (tubes that carry milk to the nipple) and lobules (glands that make milk). It occurs in both men and women, although male breast cancer is rare.
Source: The National Cancer Institute's Dictionary of Cancer Terms (http://www.cancer.gov/dictionary)
cancer (KAN-ser)
A term for diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control and can invade nearby tissues. Cancer cells can also spread to other parts of the body through the blood and lymph systems. There are several main types of cancer. Carcinoma is a cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. Sarcoma is a cancer that begins in bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels, or other connective or supportive tissue. Leukemia is a cancer that starts in blood-forming tissue such as the bone marrow, and causes large numbers of abnormal blood cells to be produced and enter the blood. Lymphoma and multiple myeloma are cancers that begin in the cells of the immune system. Central nervous system cancers are cancers that begin in the tissues of the brain and spinal cord. Also called malignancy.
Source: The National Cancer Institute's Dictionary of Cancer Terms (http://www.cancer.gov/dictionary)
chemotherapy (KEE-moh-THAYR-uh-pee)
Treatment with drugs that kill cancer cells.
Source: The National Cancer Institute's Dictionary of Cancer Terms (http://www.cancer.gov/dictionary)
clinical (KLIH-nih-kul)
Having to do with the examination and treatment of patients.
Source: The National Cancer Institute's Dictionary of Cancer Terms (http://www.cancer.gov/dictionary)
colonoscopy (KOH-luh-NOS-koh-pee)
Examination of the inside of the colon using a colonoscope, inserted into the rectum. A colonoscope is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing. It may also have a tool to remove tissue to be checked under a microscope for signs of disease.
Source: The National Cancer Institute's Dictionary of Cancer Terms (http://www.cancer.gov/dictionary)
diet (DY-et)
The things a person eats and drinks.
Source: The National Cancer Institute's Dictionary of Cancer Terms (http://www.cancer.gov/dictionary)
drug (drug)
Any substance, other than food, that is used to prevent, diagnose, treat or relieve symptoms of a disease or abnormal condition. Also refers to a substance that alters mood or body function, or that can be habit-forming or addictive, especially a narcotic.
Source: The National Cancer Institute's Dictionary of Cancer Terms (http://www.cancer.gov/dictionary)
epidemiologist (EH-pih-DEE-mee-AH-loh-jist)
A scientist who studies the patterns, causes, and control of disease in groups of people.
Source: The National Cancer Institute's Dictionary of Cancer Terms (http://www.cancer.gov/dictionary)
gastroenterologist (GAS-troh-EN-teh-RAH-loh-jist)
A doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the digestive system.
Source: The National Cancer Institute's Dictionary of Cancer Terms (http://www.cancer.gov/dictionary)
gene (jeen)
The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein.
Source: The National Cancer Institute's Dictionary of Cancer Terms (http://www.cancer.gov/dictionary)
genetic (jeh-NEH-tik)
Inherited; having to do with information that is passed from parents to offspring through genes in sperm and egg cells.
Source: The National Cancer Institute's Dictionary of Cancer Terms (http://www.cancer.gov/dictionary)
herbal (ER-bul)
Having to do with plants.
Source: The National Cancer Institute's Dictionary of Cancer Terms (http://www.cancer.gov/dictionary)
immune system (ih-MYOON SIS-tem)
The complex group of organs and cells that defends the body against infections and other diseases.
Source: The National Cancer Institute's Dictionary of Cancer Terms (http://www.cancer.gov/dictionary)
immunotherapy (IH-myoo-noh-THAYR-uh-pee)
Treatment to boost or restore the ability of the immune system to fight cancer, infections, and other diseases. Also used to lessen certain side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments. Agents used in immunotherapy include monoclonal antibodies, growth factors, and vaccines. These agents may also have a direct antitumor effect. Also called biological response modifier therapy, biological therapy, biotherapy, and BRM therapy.
Source: The National Cancer Institute's Dictionary of Cancer Terms (http://www.cancer.gov/dictionary)
ipilimumab (ih-pih-LIH-myoo-mab)
A drug used to treat melanoma that has spread to other parts of the body or that cannot be removed by surgery. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Ipilimumab binds to a substance called CTLA-4, which is found on the surface of T cells (a type of white blood cell). Ipilimumab may block CTLA-4 and help the immune system kill cancer cells. It is a type of monoclonal antibody. Also called MDX-010 and Yervoy.
Source: The National Cancer Institute's Dictionary of Cancer Terms (http://www.cancer.gov/dictionary)
margin (MAR-jin)
The edge or border of the tissue removed in cancer surgery. The margin is described as negative or clean when the pathologist finds no cancer cells at the edge of the tissue, suggesting that all of the cancer has been removed. The margin is described as positive or involved when the pathologist finds cancer cells at the edge of the tissue, suggesting that all of the cancer has not been removed.
Source: The National Cancer Institute's Dictionary of Cancer Terms (http://www.cancer.gov/dictionary)
medical oncologist (MEH-dih-kul on-KAH-loh-jist)
A doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating cancer using chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, biological therapy, and targeted therapy. A medical oncologist often is the main health care provider for someone who has cancer. A medical oncologist also gives supportive care and may coordinate treatment given by other specialists.
Source: The National Cancer Institute's Dictionary of Cancer Terms (http://www.cancer.gov/dictionary)
medicine (MEH-dih-sin)
Refers to the practices and procedures used for the prevention, treatment, or relief of symptoms of a diseases or abnormal conditions. This term may also refer to a legal drug used for the same purpose.
Source: The National Cancer Institute's Dictionary of Cancer Terms (http://www.cancer.gov/dictionary)
mutation (myoo-TAY-shun)
Any change in the DNA of a cell. Mutations may be caused by mistakes during cell division, or they may be caused by exposure to DNA-damaging agents in the environment. Mutations can be harmful, beneficial, or have no effect. If they occur in cells that make eggs or sperm, they can be inherited; if mutations occur in other types of cells, they are not inherited. Certain mutations may lead to cancer or other diseases.
Source: The National Cancer Institute's Dictionary of Cancer Terms (http://www.cancer.gov/dictionary)
Network
A group of physicians, specialists, hospitals, outpatient centers, pharmacies, and other providers who has signed a contract with an insurance company to provide healthcare services to their subscribers.
Source: The National Cancer Institute's Dictionary of Cancer Terms (http://www.cancer.gov/dictionary)
nutrition (noo-TRIH-shun)
The taking in and use of food and other nourishing material by the body. Nutrition is a 3-part process. First, food or drink is consumed. Second, the body breaks down the food or drink into nutrients. Third, the nutrients travel through the bloodstream to different parts of the body where they are used as "fuel" and for many other purposes. To give the body proper nutrition, a person has to eat and drink enough of the foods that contain key nutrients.
Source: The National Cancer Institute's Dictionary of Cancer Terms (http://www.cancer.gov/dictionary)
oncologist (on-KAH-loh-jist)
A doctor who specializes in treating cancer. Some oncologists specialize in a particular type of cancer treatment. For example, a radiation oncologist specializes in treating cancer with radiation.
Source: The National Cancer Institute's Dictionary of Cancer Terms (http://www.cancer.gov/dictionary)
oncology (on-KAH-loh-jee)
The study of cancer.
Source: The National Cancer Institute's Dictionary of Cancer Terms (http://www.cancer.gov/dictionary)
palliative care (PA-lee-uh-tiv kayr)
Care given to improve the quality of life of patients who have a serious or life-threatening disease. The goal of palliative care is to prevent or treat as early as possible the symptoms of a disease, side effects caused by treatment of a disease, and psychological, social, and spiritual problems related to a disease or its treatment. Also called comfort care, supportive care, and symptom management.
Source: The National Cancer Institute's Dictionary of Cancer Terms (http://www.cancer.gov/dictionary)
prescription (prih-SKRIP-shun)
A doctor's order for medicine or another intervention.
Source: The National Cancer Institute's Dictionary of Cancer Terms (http://www.cancer.gov/dictionary)
psychologist (sy-KAH-loh-jist)
A specialist who can talk with patients and their families about emotional and personal matters, and can help them make decisions.
Source: The National Cancer Institute's Dictionary of Cancer Terms (http://www.cancer.gov/dictionary)
quality of life (KWAH-lih-tee ... life)
The overall enjoyment of life. Many clinical trials assess the effects of cancer and its treatment on the quality of life. These studies measure aspects of an individual’s sense of well-being and ability to carry out various activities.
Source: The National Cancer Institute's Dictionary of Cancer Terms (http://www.cancer.gov/dictionary)
radiation (RAY-dee-AY-shun)
Energy released in the form of particle or electromagnetic waves. Common sources of radiation include radon gas, cosmic rays from outer space, medical x-rays, and energy given off by a radioisotope (unstable form of a chemical element that releases radiation as it breaks down and becomes more stable).
Source: The National Cancer Institute's Dictionary of Cancer Terms (http://www.cancer.gov/dictionary)
radiation therapy (RAY-dee-AY-shun THAYR-uh-pee)
The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, protons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that travels in the blood to tissues throughout the body. Also called irradiation and radiotherapy.
Source: The National Cancer Institute's Dictionary of Cancer Terms (http://www.cancer.gov/dictionary)
response (reh-SPONTS)
In medicine, an improvement related to treatment.
Source: The National Cancer Institute's Dictionary of Cancer Terms (http://www.cancer.gov/dictionary)
screening (SKREE-ning)
Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. Since screening may find diseases at an early stage, there may be a better chance of curing the disease. Examples of cancer screening tests are the mammogram (breast), colonoscopy (colon), and the Pap test and HPV test (cervix). Screening can also include checking for a person’s risk of developing an inherited disease by doing a genetic test.
Source: The National Cancer Institute's Dictionary of Cancer Terms (http://www.cancer.gov/dictionary)
specialist (SPEH-shuh-list)
In medicine, a doctor or other health care professional who is trained and licensed in a special area of practice. Examples of medical specialists include oncologists (cancer specialists) and hematologists (blood specialists).
Source: The National Cancer Institute's Dictionary of Cancer Terms (http://www.cancer.gov/dictionary)
spirituality (SPEER-ih-choo-A-lih-tee)
Having to do with deep, often religious, feelings and beliefs, including a person’s sense of peace, purpose, connection to others, and beliefs about the meaning of life.
Source: The National Cancer Institute's Dictionary of Cancer Terms (http://www.cancer.gov/dictionary)
stool (stool)
The material in a bowel movement. Stool is made up of undigested food, bacteria, mucus, and cells from the lining of the intestines. Also called feces.
Source: The National Cancer Institute's Dictionary of Cancer Terms (http://www.cancer.gov/dictionary)
surgeon (SER-jun)
A doctor who removes or repairs a part of the body by operating on the patient.
Source: The National Cancer Institute's Dictionary of Cancer Terms (http://www.cancer.gov/dictionary)
talk therapy (...THAYR-uh-pee)
Treatment of mental, emotional, personality, and behavioral disorders using methods such as discussion, listening, and counseling. Also called psychotherapy.
Source: The National Cancer Institute's Dictionary of Cancer Terms (http://www.cancer.gov/dictionary)
therapeutic (THAYR-uh-PYOO-tik)
Having to do with treating disease and helping healing take place.
Source: The National Cancer Institute's Dictionary of Cancer Terms (http://www.cancer.gov/dictionary)
thoracic (thor-A-sik)
Having to do with the chest.
Source: The National Cancer Institute's Dictionary of Cancer Terms (http://www.cancer.gov/dictionary)
tumor (TOO-mer)
An abnormal mass of tissue that results when cells divide more than they should or do not die when they should. Tumors may be benign (not cancer), or malignant (cancer). Also called neoplasm.
Source: The National Cancer Institute's Dictionary of Cancer Terms (http://www.cancer.gov/dictionary)
will (wil)
A legal document in which a person states what is to be done with his or her property after death, who is to carry out the terms of the will, and who is to care for any minor children.
Source: The National Cancer Institute's Dictionary of Cancer Terms (http://www.cancer.gov/dictionary)