El cáncer de ano se suele detectar después de que se presentan los síntomas. Su médico podría hacerle un examen y otras pruebas para diagnosticarle cáncer de ano.
For appointments, call: 646-926-0945
Nuestros asesores de atención le conectarán con el mejor proveedor de cuidados de la salud según sus necesidades.
Es posible que esté leyendo esto porque le preocupa la posibilidad de tener cáncer de ano. Quizás está esperando los resultados de sus pruebas. O tal vez usted o un ser querido acaban de enterarse de que tienen cáncer de ano.
Con esta guía, podrá entender cómo se diagnostica el cáncer de ano y qué significa su diagnóstico. Aprender todo lo posible puede ayudarle a sentirse preparado para hablar con los médicos sobre su atención.
El cáncer de ano se suele detectar después de que se presentan los síntomas. Su médico podría hacerle un examen y otras pruebas para diagnosticarle cáncer de ano.
En la mayoría de los casos, el diagnóstico de cáncer de mama describe dónde empezó el cáncer, su tipo y si se ha diseminado. Utilizamos esta información para crear su plan de atención.
Hable con un asesor de atención de MSK. Estamos aquí las 24 horas del día, los 7 días de la semana.
Diagnosticamos el cáncer de ano de varias formas. Se suele detectar durante un procedimiento que se realiza por otro problema, como las hemorroides.
El cáncer de ano se suele detectar después de que se presentan los síntomas. Si su proveedor de cuidados de la salud cree que usted puede tener cáncer de ano, podría pedirle que visite a un experto en cáncer colorrectal. Este podría pedirle que se haga pruebas para confirmar si tiene cáncer de ano.
Enterarse de que tiene cáncer de ano puede ser abrumador. Escuchará muchos términos médicos que nunca antes había escuchado. Estamos aquí para ayudarle a entender qué significan y por qué son importantes.
La información de su diagnóstico de cáncer de ano describe detalles importantes sobre el tipo de cáncer que tiene. Sus médicos usan esa información para crear el mejor plan de atención para usted.
Newly diagnosed? Hear advice from our patients.
Michael:
You have a diagnosis of cancer, and there's all this fear and there's apprehension and you're nervous and you're scared. You've got surgery in front of you. You've got quality of life issues ahead of you. What I wish I had known was that you can come out the other side of this journey.
Lorena:
When I received the news that I had cancer, it was devastating and I was lost, completely lost.
Ming:
You are meeting with a lot of different people, so what I would really recommend to patients is just do your best to take notes.
Michael:
Come to the appointment prepared. Come with questions.
Norma:
I had questions about my recovery. I had questions about the possibility of chemo. I was placed on a clinical trial, and I had questions about that.
Michael:
Prior to coming to MSK, my wife and I had been to a variety of different doctors, and we got a lot of different answers and no clear direction. It was the first time that a definitive plan was put in place where I actually had a recommendation of which way to go.
Ming:
My care team consisted of doctors, social workers, nurses.
Michael:
It's not just one doctor you're dealing with. You're dealing with all of MSK and their entire team approach to your care.
Lorena:
The way they greet me, it was just overwhelming. I was so happy. It was 100% personalized for me.
Norma:
I was told to expect patient-centered care and I kind of felt that from the beginning, from that first day that I walked in.
Ming:
There were even people there just to hang out with me and to kill time. If you need something, ask. And even if it's something small like, “Nothing tastes good,” or “Everything tastes awful and I can't eat any of this,” it's important to tell someone and they can help you address your needs as a patient
Lorena:
One of the programs that I found helpful was Integrated Medicine. For example, acupuncture. It helped me to calm down; and then after the treatment, it managed the pain.
Norma:
I immediately used the nutrition program because it was amazing. I used their PT program. I used their Visible Ink program, which is wonderful and it gives you tremendous emotional support.
Lorena:
Another thing that is very helpful is the MSK Patient Portal. You can set up appointments. You can request prescriptions. You can also use the portal for a telemedicine visit. On the days that you don't have any energy, telemedicine is there for you. There is no difference at all between being seen in person or telemedicine.
Norma:
I never felt that I couldn't call someone, even if it was the doctor's nurse, and just talk.
Ming:
The silver lining from being diagnosed with cancer is I taught myself how to be positive.
Lorena:
This experience taught me to live in the moment, and you learn how to live life in a better way.
Anal cancer often starts in the anus’ tissues or the lining of the anal canal.
The anal canal connects the anus to the rectum. The anal canal is a tube about 1.5 to 2 inches (3.8 to 5 cm) long and includes the sphincter muscles. The inside lining of the anal canal is called the mucosa.
The anal verge is where the anal canal connects to the outside skin of the anus. The perianal skin is outside and around the anal verge.
Anal cancers are grouped by where they start, in the anal canal or the perianal skin.
Most anal cancers start in the squamous (SKWAY-mus) cells in the inner lining of the anal canal. Anal cancer begins when healthy cells change and grow out of control.
Anal cancer often just stays within the anus. If anal cancer is not treated, it can spread to other organs, such as the liver and lungs.
Metastatic (meh-tuh-STA-tik) anal cancer means the cancer cells have spread beyond the anus to other organs. It’s also called advanced anal cancer or stage 4 anal cancer.
If it spreads, anal cancer most often spreads to the lungs and liver. That’s because 2 large blood vessels connect the blood supply from the intestines to lungs and liver.
Anal cancer can also spread to the lymph nodes, small organs that are part of the immune system.
The stage tells us how advanced the cancer is and guides treatment.
There are 5 stages, from 0 to 4 (0 to IV). The lower the number, the less the cancer has spread.
There are cancer cells. The tumor cells have not yet spread. Stage 0 is very early cancer that’s only in the top layer of the lining of the anus.
There is 1 small tumor and the anal cancer has not spread outside the anus.
The tumor has grown larger than 2 centimeters.
The tumor has not spread, or has spread to 1 or more nearby lymph nodes.
Distant spread: Cancer has metastasized (spread) outside the place where it started. It’s spread to other parts of the body, such as lymph nodes, the liver, or lungs.
When you learn you have anal cancer, you’ll have many questions for your cancer doctor at your first visit. Talking about treatment options with your doctor can help you feel better prepared to make decisions about your care.
Hay varios tipos de cáncer de ano. Tenemos experiencia en tratar todos los tipos, de los más comunes a los más raros. En esta información, se describe cada tipo de cáncer de ano y se explica cómo los clasificamos (ordenamos).
La mayoría de las personas diagnosticadas con cáncer de ano tienen un tipo específico llamado carcinoma de células escamosas. También hay otros tipos de tumores menos frecuentes.
Squamous (SKWAY-mus) cell carcinoma (KAR-sih-NOH-muh) is the most common type of anal cancer. About 9 out of every 10 anal cancers start in squamous cells that line the outer layer of the anus. If found early, squamous cell carcinoma often is very treatable.
Adenocarcinoma (A-deh-noh-KAR-sih-NOH-muh) is in the upper part of the anus. Adenocarcinoma anal cancer forms in glandular tissue, which lines some organs.
Basal cell carcinoma is in the skin around the anus and is a very rare type of anal cancer. Surgery is the most common treatment for basal cell carcinoma in the anus.
Melanoma is a very rare type of anal cancer that often is found at a later stage. It can be very hard to spot.
Durante unos 20 años, la vacuna contra el virus del papiloma humano (VPH) ha funcionado muy bien para disminuir las infecciones por VPH. Sin embargo, el VPH aún es muy común. Cuando el cáncer está relacionado con el VPH, algunas personas sienten que hicieron algo mal que provocó el cáncer. En MSK, le explicamos cómo hablar con las personas sobre un diagnóstico de cáncer relacionado con el VPH.
El estadio del cáncer describe características como el tamaño del tumor, si se ha diseminado y hacia dónde. El estadio nos brinda información acerca de cuán avanzado está el cáncer. El estadio orienta la elección del tratamiento.
Hay 5 estadios de cáncer de ano, desde el 0 hasta el 4 (del 0 al IV). Cuanto menor es el número, menos se ha diseminado el cáncer.
Conocer el estadio del cáncer les ayuda a usted y a su médico a decidir cuáles son las mejores opciones de tratamiento para usted.
N0 significa que el cáncer no está en los ganglios linfáticos, mientras que N1, N2 y N3 significan que se ha diseminado a los ganglios. M0 significa que el cáncer no se ha diseminado, mientras que M1 significa que se ha diseminado a distintos órganos, músculos o huesos.
Stage 0 anal cancer is also called carcinoma in situ (in-SY-too). In situ means “in its original place.”
Stage 0 is when there are abnormal (not normal) cells in the anus. These cells can become cancer. The cancer is noninvasive. That means there are no signs the cancer has spread to healthy tissue around it.
In the TNM staging system: T0, N0, M0.
Stage 1 anal cancer describes a very early stage of invasive cancer. Anal tumor cells are only in the anus.
Stage 1 anal tumors are less than 2 centimeters (smaller than a peanut).
In the TNM staging system: T1, N0, M0. T1 tumors are smaller than 2 centimeters and less than 5 millimeters deep.
Stage 2 anal cancer tumors are larger than 2 centimeters but have not spread.
There’s a stage 2A and 2B.
In stage 2A, the tumor is larger than 2 centimeters but smaller than 5 centimeters. It’s between the size of a peanut and a grape.
In the TNM staging system: T2, N0, M0.
In stage 2B, the tumor is larger than 5 centimeters. It’s spread to lymph nodes near the rectum.
In the TNM staging system: T1 to T2, N1, M0.
Stage 3 anal cancer may have spread to nearby lymph nodes or other organs.
There’s a stage 3A, 3B, and 3C.
In stage 3A, the tumor is larger than 5 centimeters. It has not spread to nearby lymph nodes or other parts of the body.
In the TNM staging system: T3, N0, M0.
Or, the anal cancer tumor is larger than 5 cm and has spread to lymph nodes near the rectum.
In the TNM staging system: T3, N1, M0.
In stage 3B, the tumor is any size. The tumor has spread to nearby organs, such as the vagina, urethra, bladder, or prostate gland. It has not spread to nearby lymph nodes.
In the TNM staging system: T4, N0, M0.
In stage 3C, the tumor is any size. The tumor has spread to nearby organs, such as the vagina, urethra, bladder, or prostate gland. It has spread to lymph nodes near the rectum.
In the TNM staging system: T4, N1, M0.
Stage 4 is advanced anal cancer, also called metastatic anal cancer. The tumor can be any size. The tumor has spread to distant areas, such as the liver or lungs. Cancer may be in nearby lymph nodes.
In the TNM staging system: Any T, any N, M1.
Nuestros asesores de atención le pondrán en contacto con los expertos adecuados de MSK para asegurarse de que reciba la mejor atención posible.