
Common Names
- MLT
- Pineal hormone
For Patients & Caregivers
Tell your healthcare providers about any dietary supplements you’re taking, such as herbs, vitamins, minerals, and natural or home remedies. This will help them manage your care and keep you safe.
What is it?
Melatonin is a hormone your body makes to grow and develop. It also controls your cycle of being asleep and awake. Small amounts of melatonin are found in fruits, nuts, olive oil, and wine.
You can also take it as a supplement to help you sleep.
What are the potential uses and benefits?
Melatonin is used to:
- Treat insomnia (trouble sleeping)
- Treat side effects of chemotherapy such as low platelet counts, weakness, and depression
- Keep blood counts from getting low due to radiotherapy
- Treat seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
- Treat migraines
- Treat insomnia in children with autism spectrum disorder
Melatonin also has other uses that haven’t been studied by doctors to see if they work.
Talk with your healthcare provider before taking melatonin supplements. They can interact with some medications and affect how they work.
For more information, read the “What else do I need to know?” section below.
What are the side effects?
Side effects of using melatonin may include:
- Headaches
- Drowsiness
- Changes in sleep patterns
- Trouble sleeping
- Bad dreams
- Confusion or altered mental state
- Fast heart rate
- Flushing or getting red in the face
- Itching
- Stomach cramps
- Low body temperature
What else do I need to know?
- Avoid melatonin if you’re driving or operating heavy machinery until you’re familiar with how it affects you. It can cause drowsiness.
- Talk with your healthcare provider if you have hormone-sensitive cancer like breast or prostate cancer. Melatonin can change the amount of estrogen in your body. This may worsen your condition.
- Talk with your healthcare provider if you’re taking nifedipine (Procardia®). Using melatonin at the same time can increase your blood pressure and heart rate.
- Talk to your healthcare provider if you’re taking blood thinners such as warfarin (Jantoven® or Coumadin®). Melatonin may increase your risk of bleeding.
- Talk with your pediatrician before giving your child melatonin. Taking too much melatonin can cause serious side effects in children under age 3, including trouble breathing and death.
- Keep your melatonin in a safe place (such as in a locked cabinet) and out of children’s reach.
For Healthcare Professionals
Scientific Name
Clinical Summary
Melatonin is produced endogenously in humans by the pineal gland. Although the exact mechanism of action is unknown, it is thought to control the circadian pacemaker and promote sleep (1). Small amounts of melatonin are found in fruits, nuts, olive oil, and wine. The supplemental form is used as a sleep-aid.
Melatonin may decrease sleep latency and improve sleep duration (2) (3) (4), although randomized trials have produced mixed data (27) (28) (29). Meta analyses did not find any significant effects with melatonin on insomnia disorder (75), secondary sleep disorders associated with medical, neurological, or substance abuse disorders (5), or on sleep quality in menopausal women (71), but supplementation improved subjective sleep quality in patients with traumatic brain injury (44) and Parkinson’s disease (76), and cognitive outcomes in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (72). Melatonin may also benefit those with jet lag (51) (52).
Melatonin was shown to decrease surgery-associated anxiety and pain (6), frequency of migraine attacks (7) and perioperative anxiety (30) (56), but there is insufficient evidence for its use to improve delirium in hospitalized patients (57), to improve depression or depressive symptoms (47), or for seasonal affective disorder (SAD) (48). Studies in patients with nocturia (53) (77) and those in ICU produced mixed results (46) (64). Whether it can help in benzodiazepine withdrawal is also unclear (49) (50).
Data suggest benefits of child-appropriate, prolonged-release melatonin for long-term treatment in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder and insomnia (59). The American Academy of Neurology guidelines recommend using melatonin, starting with a low-dose, for children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder and sleep disturbance if behavioral strategies have not been helpful, and if contributing coexisting conditions and use of concomitant medications have been addressed (60).
Clinical trials evaluating melatonin as a monotherapy or in combination with other agents, and in patients with solid tumors reported improvements in fatigue (68) (78), and quality of life and survival time (10) (11) (12) (13) but a systematic review reported no such benefits (79). Melatonin also did not improve appetite, weight, or quality of life in cancer patients with cachexia (35). In studies of postmenopausal breast cancer survivors, short-term supplementation did not influence estradiol levels (36) but improved sleep quality (37). Data also suggest melatonin may help reduce incidence of chemotherapy side effects including thrombocytopenia, asthenia, and neurotoxicity (54); improve cognitive function, sleep quality and depressive symptoms (61); minimize radiotherapy-induced reduction in blood cell counts (58); protect against radiation-induced genotoxicity (62); and reduce the incidence of oral mucositis caused by chemo- and radiotherapy (69). In addition, melatonin was found comparable to zolpidem in affecting sleep duration, latency, efficiency, and disturbance in colorectal cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy (65). But in survivors of childhood cancers, there were no effects on sleep or neurocognitive performance (70).
According to a case report, oral melatonin may delay menopause in pre-menopausal women by modulating levels of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and estrogen (31).
Food Sources
Small amounts of melatonin are found in fruits, nuts, olive oil and wine.
Purported Uses and Benefits
- Insomnia
- Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy side effects
- Seasonal affective disorder
- Migraines
- Insomnia in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Mechanism of Action
Melatonin is an endogenously produced indolamine hormone secreted by the pineal gland in humans. Nocturnal secretion is regulated by circadian rhythms and nighttime darkness (17), and melatonin is thought to control the circadian pacemaker and promote sleep. Ironically, it is associated with wakefulness and activity in nocturnal animals (14). As levels of melatonin increase, an associated drop in core body temperature occurs. Both elderly and depressed patients tend to have lower basal levels of melatonin (2).
Melatonin is a free-radical scavenger (18) (38) and enhances antioxidative enzyme activities (39), interacting with cytosolic calmodulin and stimulating IL-4 production in bone marrow T-lymphocytes (1). In vitro and animal studies suggest that antitumor effects may occur through antimitotic or immunomodulatory activity. In vitro studies demonstrate antiproliferative effects on human breast cancer (HS578T) (19) and mouse melanoma (B16BL6, PG19) (8). Decreases in breast cancer metastasis may occur via modulation of Rho-associated kinase protein-1 expression (41). Melatonin reduces proliferation of PC-3 and LNCaP cells in mice, but has no effect on apoptosis (9). Its effect on tumor cell growth may be mediated in part by melatonin receptor signaling (20) (21). In endometrial cancer cells, it interferes with estrogen receptor expression (22). Other laboratory studies suggest that melatonin behaves both as a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) and as an aromatase inhibitor (42) (43). In a murine model, it modulated expression of genes crucial for DNA repair — Ogg1, Apex1, and Xrcc1 — in peripheral blood cells, to reduce X-ray-induced DNA damage (45).
Warnings
- Melatonin may cause drowsiness and should not be taken when driving or operating heavy machinery.
Adverse Reactions
- Drowsiness, alterations in sleep patterns, altered mental status, disorientation, tachycardia, flushing, pruritus, abdominal cramps, headaches, trouble sleeping, bad dreams, hypothermia (1) (2) (14) (15) (36)
- Hypothermia in autism with sleep disorder: In a 3-year-old girl whose body temperature dropped to 34°C following a single dose of melatonin. Supplementation was stopped, but hypothermia continued for 2 more days after which her temperature returned to normal value (63).
- Exacerbation of myasthenia gravis: In 3 patients following melatonin use, likely due to an upregulation of the adaptive immune system and an interaction with corticosteroids and other immunosuppressives (66).
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Facial swelling and erythema: In a 66-year-old man, with a history of baseline postoperative facial lymphedema following head and neck surgery and radiotherapy for desmoplastic melanoma, with melatonin use. His symptoms resolved after stopping supplementation (67).
Pediatric Cases — Hospitalizations, severe outcomes and fatalities - Between January 1, 2012-December 31, 2021, 260,435 pediatric cases of melatonin ingestion were reported to the Poison Control Centers’ National Poison Data System (NPDS). Melatonin ingestion cases also accounted for 4.9% of all pediatric ingestions reported in 2021 compared with 0.6% in 2012. Five children required mechanical ventilation, and two died (73).
- Seven deaths of infants and toddlers, aged 2 months to 3 years. Although the cause and manner of deaths were reported as undetermined, exogenous melatonin was detected following toxicological analysis with concentrations ranging from 3-1400 ng/mL in whole blood (74).
Herb-Drug Interactions
Nifedipine: Concomitant administration of melatonin and nifedipine has resulted in elevations in blood pressure and heart rate (16).
CYP1A2 substrates: Melatonin inhibits CYP1A2 and may increase the bioavailability of substrate drugs, like fluvoxamine (23) (26) (34).
Anticoagulants: Oral melatonin intake is associated with lower plasma levels of factor VIII and fibrinogen (25). Therefore, this may increase the risk of adverse effects when used with anticoagulant medications.
Rhubarb: A study using human primary hepatocytes showed that concomitant use can cause metabolic disorder of melatonin (55).
Herb Lab Interactions
May lower plasma levels of factor VIII and fibrinogen (25).
Dosage (OneMSK Only)
How It Works
Melatonin has not been shown to treat cancer in humans. It may improve sleep quality in some patients.
Melatonin is a hormone naturally produced by the brain in humans. The supplemental form is used to treat insomnia. Scientists believe that it controls circadian rhythms of sleep and wakefulness. Nighttime darkness causes increased production of melatonin, promoting sleep and causing a decrease in body temperature. Both elderly and depressed patients tend to have lower baseline levels of melatonin.
Laboratory studies suggest that melatonin is an antioxidant that can stimulate some aspects of the immune system, but it is not known if this effect occurs in humans. Melatonin also inhibits the growth of certain cancer cells including breast cancer and melanoma when directly applied to these cells. Studies in humans, however, do not show an anticancer effect. When used at the same time as specific chemotherapy drugs, melatonin may increase survival time. Other studies indicate it may improve sleep quality in some patients, but whether it can be of benefit in depression or for easing withdrawal symptoms is unclear.
The American Academy of Neurology guidelines recommend using melatonin, starting with a low-dose, for children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder and sleep disturbance if behavioral strategies have not been helpful, and if contributing coexisting conditions and use of concomitant medications have been addressed.
Purported Uses and Benefits
-
To treat cancer
Clinical trials do not support this use, but a few studies found that a combination of melatonin with standard chemotherapy may increase survival time in cancer patients. -
To reduce chemotherapy side effects
An analysis of clinical trials suggests melatonin may help reduce the incidence of some chemotherapy side effects. Additional trials are needed to confirm this. -
To treat depression
Evidence for the use of melatonin in depression is unclear. Additional studies are needed. -
To treat insomnia
Several clinical trials support this use. -
To prevent and manage jet lag
A few studies suggest melatonin may be helpful for jet lag. -
To treat seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
Clinical trials on melatonin for this use are lacking. -
To ease withdrawal from benzodiazepines
Evidence on whether melatonin can ease withdrawal symptoms is mixed. Additional studies are needed. -
For migraine prevention
A small study suggests melatonin can reduce frequency of migraine attacks. -
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Clinical studies show that melatonin has beneficial effects in children and in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder
Patient Warnings
- Melatonin may cause drowsiness, and should not be taken when driving or operating heavy machinery.
Do Not Take If
- You are taking nifedipine (Procardia®): Use of melatonin and nifedipine at the same time has resulted in elevations in blood pressure and heart rate.
- You are taking fluvoxamine (Luvox®): Fluvoxamine may increase blood levels of melatonin, resulting in sedation.
- You are taking blood thinners such as warfarin: Caution is warranted, as a single dose of melatonin was found to decrease clotting factors in the lab tests of healthy adults. Therefore, it may increase the chance of adverse effects when used with blood-thinning drugs.
- You are taking Rhubarb: A study using human primary hepatocytes showed that concomitant use can cause metabolic disorder of melatonin.
Side Effects
- Headaches
- Drowsiness
- Alterations in sleep patterns
- Trouble sleeping
- Bad dreams
- Altered mental status, disorientation
- Fast heart rate
- Flushing
- Itching
- Abdominal cramps
- Abnormally low body temperature