Common Names
- Colic root
- Devil’s bones
- Rheumatism root
- Yuma
- Wild yam root
For Patients & Caregivers
How It Works
Wild yam has not been shown to prevent or treat cancer, and there is limited mixed evidence on whether it might be helpful for menopausal symptoms.
Wild yam contains a compound called diosgenin that mimics estrogen and progesterone in animals. Diosgenin can be converted into active steroid compounds in the lab.
Studies in humans are quite limited. A few small studies that use different species and formulas of wild yam extract have had mixed results on menopausal symptoms. Another small study suggests that increasing yam intake through diet may improve sex hormone and cholesterol levels.
A lab study showed that wild yam extract has weak hormonal activity against human breast cancer cells, but this does not mean it can prevent or treat cancer. More studies are needed to confirm whether wild yam or its extract actually has any benefits. Because wild yam has estrogenic effects, patients with hormone-sensitive cancers should talk to their physicians before consumption.
Purported Uses
For Healthcare Professionals
Clinical Summary
Derived from the root of a twining vine, wild yam was traditionally used for its antispasmodic and anti-inflammatory properties to treat menopausal symptoms, gastrointestinal ailments, muscle spasm, asthma, joint pain, and rheumatoid arthritis (1) (2). Wild yam has antiproliferative (3) and antimitotic effects (4) in vitro, and animal models also suggest it has antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties (1) (18). Diosgenin, the active ingredient in wild yam, was shown to have estrogenic and progestogenic effects (3) (5) (6) (7) (19), and to restore moderately decreased sperm motility (20) in mice. Dioscorin, another protein, appeared to reduce weight gain and total visceral lipids, and improve impaired glucose tolerance in mice (21).
Small studies on whether wild yam can relieve menopausal symptoms are mixed: one suggested that an oral D. alata formula was more effective than placebo (8), but another showed a topical D. villosa formula was ineffective (9). In other small studies, an oral diosgenin-rich yam extract appeared to enhance cognitive function (22), and dietary yam may improve sex hormone and lipid profiles (10). However, larger studies are needed to confirm whether wild yam in any form actually has any benefits for menopausal symptoms.
Wild yam extract is sold as a dietary supplement, liquid extract, or cream. Diosgenin in wild yam has been used as raw material for synthetic progesterone, but there is no evidence that the human body can convert diosgenin into progesterone. Because wild yam has estrogenic effects, patients with hormone-sensitive cancers should talk to their physicians before consumption.
Mechanism of Action
The steroid saponin diosgenin in wild yam modulates cell signaling involved in growth, differentiation, apoptosis, and oncogenesis (14). In vitro studies suggest wild yam extract protects against human breast cancer proliferation by acting as a weak phytoestrogen (3). A molecular docking study of estrogen mimics in phytochemicals from dietary herbal supplements found that D. villosa docked strongly with the estrogen receptor (23). However, the D. villosa species has been noted to induce chronic kidney injury via pro-fibrotic pathways in animal models (15).